![]() ![]() usability (many helper functions to automate routine operations).Still incomplete though, but at least usable. Unlike mysql and mysqli, both of which are low level bare APIs not intended to be used directly (but only as a building material for some higher level abstraction layer), PDO is such an abstraction already. PDO abstracts not only a database API, but also basic operations that otherwise have to be repeated hundreds of times in every application, making your code extremely WET. ![]() ![]() However, it is not it is much, much more. Thus, for the average LAMP developer, this point is rather insignificant, and to him, PDO is just a more complicated version of familiar mysql(i)_query() function. And, despite some rumors, it is impossible to switch database backends by changing a single line in PDO config - due to different SQL flavors (to do so, one needs to use an averaged query language like DQL). Although this feature is magnificent by itself, it doesn't make a big deal for the particular application, where only one database backend is used anyway. The abstraction, however, is two-fold: one is widely known but less significant, while another is obscure but of most importance.Įveryone knows that PDO offers unified interface to access many different databases. PDO is a Database Access Abstraction Layer. Following the mission of this site, this article will disprove various delusions and bad practices, while showing the right way instead.Īlthough this tutorial is based on mysql driver, the information, in general, is applicable for any driver supported. Unlike those, this tutorial is written by someone who has used PDO for many years, dug through it, and answered thousands questions on Stack Overflow (the sole gold PDO badge bearer). As a result, half of PDO's features remain in obscurity and are almost never used by PHP developers, who, as a result, are constantly trying to reinvent the wheel which already exists in PDO. The only two exceptions are and, but they miss a lot of important information. There are many tutorials on PDO already, but unfortunately, most of them fail to explain the real benefits of PDO, or even promote rather bad practices. Getting data out of statement in dozens different formats.Running SELECT INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements.| - immutable borrow later used hereįor more information about this error, try `rustc -explain E0502`. fn greet_user(name: Option) !", nickname) Here’s an example of a function to greet someone whether or not we know their name if we had forgotten the None case in the match or tried to use name as if it was an always-present String value, the compiler would complain. This prevents occurrences of the dreaded TypeError: Cannot read property 'foo' of null runtime error (or language equivalent), instead promoting it to a compile time error you can resolve before a user ever sees it. Like Haskell and some other modern programming languages, Rust encodes this possibility using an optional type, and the compiler requires you to handle the None case. This means any value may be what it says or nothing, effectively creating a second possible type for every type. Many statically-typed languages have a large asterisk next to them: they allow for the concept of NULL. This isn’t to say that all static type systems are equivalent. Statically-typed languages allow for compiler-checked constraints on the data and its behavior, alleviating cognitive overhead and misunderstandings. You only need to look at the rise of languages like TypeScript or features like Python’s type hints as people have become frustrated with the current state of dynamic typing in today’s larger codebases. The arguments between programmers who prefer dynamic versus static type systems are likely to endure for decades more, but it’s hard to argue about the benefits of static types. It’s not all roses in Rust-land, so I talk about the downsides, too. I’ll show a sample of what Rust offers to users of other programming languages and what the current ecosystem looks like. The short answer is that Rust solves pain points present in many other languages, providing a solid step forward with a limited number of downsides. However, the roughly 97% of survey respondents who haven’t used Rust may wonder, “What’s the deal with Rust?” Rust has been Stack Overflow’s most loved language for four years in a row, indicating that many of those who have had the opportunity to use Rust have fallen in love with it. ![]()
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